Recent Advances in Niobium-Based Coatings: Properties, Characteristics, and Applications

Authors

  • Kamlesh V. Chauhan CHAMOS Matrusanstha Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology (CSPIT), Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa-388421, Gujarat, India Author
  • Sushant Rawal McMaster Manufacturing Research Institute (MMRI), Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S4L7, Canada Author
  • Vandan Vyas L J Institute of Engineering and Technology, LJ University, LJ Campus, Near Sarkhej -Sanand Circle, Off S.G. Road, Makarba, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 382210, India Author
  • Noor M. Mohammad School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA Author
  • Anil FNU Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.66000/3110-9772.2026.02.06

Keywords:

Hardness, Nb2O5, NbN, NbC, PVD, Surface Roughness, Thin Film

Abstract

Transition metals exhibit unique characteristics such as high melting points and boiling points, making them valuable for thin film technology. Since the 1960s, these properties have supported decorative coatings, cutting tool hard coatings, optical coatings, and protective coatings. Among transition metals, niobium thin films serve waveguides, electrochromic devices, oxygen sensors, semiconductors, and medical implants. Researchers have investigated structural, mechanical, optical, and tribological properties of niobium and its alloy thin films extensively. Studied parameters include hardness, refractive index, grain size, thickness, wear resistance, and friction coefficient for specific applications. Common deposition techniques include DC/RF magnetron sputtering, sol-gel coating, spray pyrolysis, and physical vapor deposition. Unlike prior reviews focused on single niobium compounds, this article compares three niobium-based coatings across all major properties. This review summarizes structural, optical, electrical, mechanical, and tribological properties of niobium oxide, niobium nitride, and niobium carbide coatings.

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